Axe B
Coordinating team
- Betty Queffelec, University of Brest, AMURE,
- Olivier Thébaud, Ifremer, AMURE,
- Marie-Catherine Riekhof, Kiel University, KMS,
- Konrad Ott, Kiel University, KMS,
- Silja Klepp, Kiel University, KMS
Animateurs de l ’équipe
Présentation
Les enjeux en matière d’appropriation et de responsabilité se sont significativement enrichis ces vingt dernières années dans le domaine des activités maritimes et de la gestion des espaces marins et littoraux. L’augmentation des pressions sur les écosystèmes et les espaces côtiers et marins se traduit par une hausse des demandes de droits d’accès, tandis que le renforcement parallèle des objectifs de sécurité, de sûreté et de qualité environnementale conduit à une limitation de l’exercice de ces derniers.
Cette évolution a des implications importantes en matière de recherche scientifique. Elle conduit en premier lieu à dépasser les approches sectorielles au profit d’approches plus intégrées en matière d’analyse de l’exploitation des ressources marines et de la gestion de l’environnement. Elle amène également à considérer l’émergence de nouveaux instruments au sein des politiques publiques encadrant les différentes activités maritimes comme la planification de l’espace maritime par exemple.
Quant à la notion d’équité, il s’agit en premier lieu de mettre en valeur la multiplication de travaux étudiant les enjeux de répartition (moyens de production, revenus, ressources, espaces), ou la reconnaissance du rôle des femmes dans le fonctionnement du secteur des pêches. Il s’agit également d’ouvrir le spectre des recherches vers de nouvelles thématiques comme l’appropriation sociale à travers les mobilisations et les controverses environnementales, les inégalités environnementales ou encore les nouveaux modes de partage des richesses issues de la fiscalité locale littorale. Les champs disciplinaires concernés sont : l’économie des ressources naturelles, l’économie de l’environnement, l’économie institutionnelle, l’économie publique locale, le droit de la mer, le droit de l’Union Européenne, le droit maritime et le droit de l’environnement, l’anthropologie et les sciences politiques.
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Blue Justice webinar series
SEries of QUestions on Equity at sea
As a provider of energy, goods and services, and a vector for trade, the ocean is already an essential component of global economic development, and this is expected to increase in the coming decades. This growth of the so-called “blue economy” is associated with the generation of wealth and employment, and changes in ways of life for coastal and maritime people and communities. It also comes with multiple claims on the ocean for food, material and space, and with a growing human footprint and degradation regarding the functioning of marine ecosystems and the contributions to people they support. The ocean is mainly seen as a commodity in the perspective of the “blue economy”, underlining developments since the enlightenment that consider human beings and the (marine) environment as separate entities. These developments raise the questions of how we want to shape or change our human-ocean relations in times of socio-ecological crisis, and address issues of access regulations and liability, as part of policies designed to ensure the sustainability of the blue economy, within and across multiple sectors. A key question in thinking about such regulations is that of equity considerations, and how these can affect the capacity for long-term collective management arrangements and the ocean as common good to be sustained. There is a long research tradition on these questions in the social sciences, which can help inform current debates on how such considerations can best be addressed.
The Blue Justice webinar series aims to establish a scientific forum to present and debate disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives and empirical case studies regarding equity at sea. Scholars from a wide range of perspectives in the social sciences are invited to present work ranging from the review or development of conceptual work to applied research, in short (maximum 25mn) presentations, that are followed by a moderated discussion, the total duration of each webinar being limited to 1 hour.
The webinar is sponsored by the AMURE joint research unit in Brest, Kiel Marine Science and the OMER Research Network.
PROGRAM
#9 – MAY 7 2024, 11h AM (France)
Marie-Catherine Riekhof is Professor for Political Economy for Resource Management with a focus on marine and coastal resources at Kiel University since November 2019. She is also the director of the Center for Ocean and Society.
After studying economics at Kiel University (PhD 2014), she worked at the Center of Economic Research at ETH Zurich (Switzerland) in the “Macroeconomics” working group for several years, where she researched political-economic topics in the field of climate and technology policy. In 2019, she joined the research project marEEshift at the University of Freiburg in the working group “Environmental Economics and Resource Management”. She gained further international experience as a World Bank consultant in India and during research stays in Senegal and the USA. Mutual exchange exists with colleagues from Norway, Peru and Sweden.
Marie-Catherine Riekhof works conceptually and with quantifiable ecological-economic models and conducts empirical studies. She examines the effects of various institutional regulations in the field of natural resources. Problems in the implementation are discussed, for example to take into account the different effects on transaction costs.
Nature’s decline and recovery — Structural change, regulatory costs, and the onset of resource use regulation
Many renewable natural resources have been extracted beyond sustainable levels. While some resource stocks have recovered, others are still over-extracted, causing substantial economic losses. This paper develops a model motivated by empirical facts about resource use and regulation to understand these patterns. The model is a dynamic model of a dual economy with technological progress, structural change, and costly resource regulation. Based on this model, we show that technological progress explains the initial increase in resource use. Technological progress also induces structural change and a decline in resource users. While the declining number of resource users does not directly lead to resource recovery, it does reduce regulatory costs, paving the way for resource regulation and recovery. Our results show that although technological progress can contribute to resource degradation, it also helps resource recovery through reduced regulatory costs. Our results suggest further that a temporal use beyond sustainable levels can be socially optimal until regulatory costs fall below the benefits of regulation. As part of the seminar, we will also discuss justice related questions.
Podcast #9 : https://youtu.be/VczL9twPcgg
#8 – APRIL 3 2024, 11h AM (France)
Dr. Melina Kourantidou is an environmental and resource economist specializing in economics and management of fisheries and aquatic invasive species. Her research interests lie at the intersection of economics, ecology, and biology, with a focus on interdisciplinary approaches to environmental issues to enhance management strategies and ensure sustainable development and resilient ecosystems, particularly in Arctic environments. With a strong grounding in aquatic resource management and governance, Dr. Kourantidou’s work integrates natural and social science research. Her research specifically examines the impacts of ecological and socioeconomic changes on aquatic environments, as well as the influence of human behavior on aquatic resources. Dr. Kourantidou’s research methodology encompasses engagement with local resource users and communities affected by environmental changes. She investigates trade-offs through bioeconomic modeling, assesses equity dimensions, explores optimal resource allocation strategies, and develops control and monitoring strategies for invasive species.
Equity considerations in Northern Fisheries: Navigating Conflicts, Property Rights and Conservation in the Arctic
As the impacts of climate change intensify, northern communities, particularly those in the Arctic reliant on marine ecosystems, including Indigenous peoples, confront escalating challenges. The redistribution of fish stocks and the establishment of new species into non-native regions, triggers allocation and property rights’ conflicts over fishing rights that may not adhere to equity principles. These conflicts often arise from differing views on what constitutes equity and the lack of established metrics to measure it, fueling tensions across stakeholders, nations and dependent communities. Complicating matters further, climate change-induced species migration and the establishment of valuable marine invasive species, like the Snow Crab (Chionoecetes opilio) in the Barents Sea, spark additional disputes concerning property rights, legal uncertainties, and consequent economic and ecological detriments. This work underscores the need for enhanced clarity and thoughtful consideration of spatial, temporal and historical contexts. This encompasses timing and interpretation of legal agreements, adjacency to resources and the nuanced delineation of property rights—ranging from international waters for pelagic species to continental shelves for sedentary resources and the legacy of past injustices—in tackling emerging equity challenges. Central to this research is the argument that effective fisheries management in northern regions must transcend biological considerations to integrate ecological, social, and equity-related factors. The exclusive management of international common pool resources by a single entity or nation rather than a collective approach, marks a critical point of inequity, depriving other stakeholders of management and conservation decision rights. This work thus asserts that effective fisheries management in northern ecosystems cannot solely rely on biological assessments but must incorporate a nuanced understanding of social and equity dimensions to ensure compliance as well as sustainable and inclusive outcomes of all involved parties.
Podcast #8 : https://youtu.be/nSEK8BNf5SE?feature=shared
#7 – March 21 2024, 11h AM (France)
With Dr. Shani Friedman, lawyer and a postdoctoral researcher in international law at UBO, AMURE lab, Brest, France. She has a PhD from the Law Faculty of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Her fields of expertise are international relations, and international law, specifically the law of the sea and international institutions.
Theories of justice and equitable sharing of benefit from deep-sea mining
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) defines the international seabed (the Area) and its resources as the common heritage of mankind and provides that activities in the Area should be conducted for the benefit of all [hu]mankind. With the possibility of exploitation of the Area starting in 2024, the question of benefit-sharing from Deep-Sea Mining (DSM) operations in the Area would become more critical. However, the legal regime does not contain practical modalities on how to distribute the possible benefits; the only obligation is that benefit-sharing should be ‘equitable’ and the interests of developing states must be considered. To design the best distributional modality, we need to understand what theories of justice might apply in the context of the law of the sea (LOS).
Podcast #7 : https://youtu.be/Qif8PuJ8840?feature=shared
#6 – January 25 2024, 11h AM (France)
With Marie GUIMEZANES, UBO/ UMR AMURE
Climate finance: an instrument of justice for the South?
Climate finance has been at the forefront of recent climate COPs. It refers to the financial assistance provided by developed countries to developing countries in order to achieve their mitigation and adaptation objectives. Already mentioned in the 1992 UNFCCC, it has developed in recent years, both in terms of the amount of funding available and of the number and diversity of actors involved. Consequently, the legal framework of climate finance has also complexified. The webinar intends to analyse the regulation of climate finance through the lens of justice for the South.
Podcast #6 : https://youtu.be/1saReCV_7Yk?feature=shared
#5 – November 21, 2023, 12h/noon PM (France)
With Alix Levain CNRS & Florence Ménez, UBO
Dams against the Atlantic : socio-technical arrangements and inequalities in dealing with sargassum
Against the massive sargassum seaweed strandings in the Atlantic coast of the Caribbean, socio-technical protection devices (including various dams and nets) are unevenly negotiated, financed, deployed, maintained by, for and with the inhabitants in the French West Indies, and particularly in Martinique.
The challenges posed by these physical developments on the shoreline resonate with our respective research fields in Brittany, China, Italy and the West Indies, in the way painful experiences of damage to the familiar environment and issues of justice are articulated. In this webinar, based in particular on the Sarimed research (AMURE/UA/Fondation de France), we propose to present and debate the tension between equalising conditions in the face of the ‘sargassum crisis’, and the glaring environmental inequalities that reproduce, at different scales, the inequalities in living conditions on the coast.
Podcast #5 : https://youtu.be/GIeUlaSc9ck?feature=shared
#4 – October 26, 2023, 4:00 PM (France)
With Ott Konrad, Professor for Philosophy and Ethics of the Environment at Kiel University
Ocean Justice in between Ethics, Law and Geography
The webinar presents a conceptual idea of how to research topics of ocean and marine justice in a inter- and transdisciplinary manner. The idea was conceived by the group “Ocean Justice” at Kiel University in recent years and may stimulate an critical and reflective consideration of how to regulate ocean affairs in a fair and responsible way.
- Podcast #4 : https://youtu.be/EK_iStiIML4?feature=shared
#3 – June 26, 2023, 2:00 PM (France)
With Thomas Leclerc, Lecturer in public law, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR AMURE
Resources in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: a Legal Quest for Equity at Sea?
The international legally binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement) has been designed and negotiated, for many years, to constitute a coherent legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of living marine resources of the high seas, the seabed and their subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. This legal framework aims to propose a new series of legal principles and mechanisms whose integration into the pre-existing conventional, normative and institutional environment appears nevertheless complex.
In the context of the ongoing adoption of this BBNJ Agreement, this webinar propose to present and debate legal perspective regarding the regime of exploration and sustainable use of – living or mineral – resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction, in light of equity considerations.
- Podcast #3 : https://youtu.be/Hb6haqlkzHw?feature=shared
#2 – March 15, 2023, 2:00 PM (France) – Podcast available
With Dale Squires, Program Lead, Economics and Social Science, NOAA :
Ethical Preferences for Global Collective Action: Evidence from the United Nations.
Treaty-based international organizations conduct much of the collective action managing the global commons of transnational public goods and common resources. International treaties and organizations require ethical preferences for inequality aversion for equitable policy and treaty design and impacts. International law requires State, not individual, ethical preferences for equitable global collective action through these treaties and organizations. State revealed ethical preferences establish focal points for negotiated stated preferences. Estimated revealed ethical preferences for relative inequality aversion from the United Nations regular budget scale of assessments, given by the elasticity of social marginal utility of consumption, show fair bargain and global commons’ additive logarithmic social welfare function.
- Podcast #2 : https://youtu.be/ZxZ6n_h5iGo?feature=shared
#1 – March 14, 2023, 2:00 PM (France) – Podcast available
With Dale Squires, Program Lead, Economics and Social Science, NOAA :
Sharing the benefits from the global commons: deep-seabed mining.
Benefits from the global commons, including from vaccines and deep-seabed, celestial, fishing, genetics, atmospheric, and polar resources, require sharing, but how? Benefits distributed through international organizations require distributive justice to achieve the requisite multilateral cooperation. We define and quantify local distributive justice for deep-seabed mining royalty distribution rules incorporating fairness, equity principles, and ‘Equality of What’ through equality of outcome and opportunity, with implications for global collective action through international organizations. We implement the Common Heritage of Mankind, an ethical concept and international law principle, for global collective action with transnational public goods and common resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction collectively owned by humanity.
- Podcast #1: https://youtu.be/TQfu5Q10N3U?feature=shared
PODCAST
Please see the playlist AMURE “Webinar Blue Justice”
Registration Webinar #6
Registration : Google form
Participation is free but registration is required.
The connection link will be sent to you by email.
Coming soon
- Sept. 2024 – with Sebastian Villasante (economics)
- Postponed to 2024 – with Silja Klepp (sociology)
